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Kenya's geographic and political
Rift
Monday, 28 January 2008, 14:02 GMT
By Mark Doyle
The Rift Valley is a geographical fault line that runs through
Kenya.
But it is also the centre of a political and ethnic divide.
So it is no coincidence, historians and academics say, that Rift
Valley towns like Nakuru and Naivasha have exploded in the wake of
Kenya's disputed elections.
They say that while the dispute over the elections is clearly
political - with the opposition and some independent observers
accusing the government of having rigged the polls - the root
cause of some of the violence is hunger for fertile land.
And they add that land hunger is inevitably expressed, in poor
communities, through ethnicity or tribe.
A Nairobi-based academic, who spoke on condition of anonymity,
said the Rift Valley was dominated, before the advent of large
scale commercial farming in Africa, by ethnic Masaai herders and
Kalenjin people.
Historic resentment
"The Masaai were displaced from the late 19th Century onwards, at
least from the more desirable land, by British settlers," the
academic said.
The cooler and more fertile parts of the Rift were part of what
became known as the "White Highlands" of Kenya.
"When independence came," the academic said, "the departing white
farmers were replaced not by Masaai, but to a large extent by
politically well-connected Kikuyus."
This displacement - or more accurately the historic resentment
that politicians can extract from it - is part of the root of
today's violence.
The Kikuyu are the largest and most economically-dominant ethnic
group in Kenya. They organised most successfully against the
British (in the Mau Mau rebellion and later through elections) so
they won the first fruits of independence.
They have been at the heart of the violence in Rift Valley towns
like Naivasha and Nakuru - as both perpetrators and victims.
'Land clashes'
The incumbent government in Kenya is perceived by the opposition
as being Kikuyu-dominated, so the current political dispute is
fuel for the smouldering embers of a land dispute which has
existed for decades.
But the Nairobi-based academic said it was far from being a simple
matter of ethnicity.
"Focussing on the Kikuyu is easy," he said "but it's really about
deep, long-running income inequalities in Kenya" - and a rapidly
growing population which sees land ownership as a means of
survival.
Rich and politically well-connected members of the Masaai
community, he stressed, had benefited from land ownership in the
Rift Valley as well as Kikuyus.
Politicians from all ethnic groups, the academic said, had been
preparing the ground for trouble in the wake of the elections
because they know that "land clashes", as they are known in Kenya,
always flare up around polling time.
"There were peaks in land clash violence 1992/3, 1997 and 2001/2",
he said, "all around election time."
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